Land – use change in Brazil is a clear threat to biodiversity. We conducted project activities in two regions of Brazil: the Atlantic Forest and the Brazilian Amazon. Along with University of São Paulo and EcoHealth Alliance our team investigate the mechanisms underlying disease emergence by assessing the impacts of land use change, the types and degrees of human – wildlife contact, and viral diversity assessing bat host population. The team was composed by veterinarians, epidemiologists, social scientists and ecologists. In the Atlantic Forest, we worked in Pontal do Paranapanema. This area is located in the extreme western part of the Atlantic Forest in Sa?o Paulo State and is one of the most threatened biodiversity hotspots in the world (Myers, et al. 2000).

The process of forest fragmentation in the region is relatively recent beginning about 50 years ago, but only 17% of the original biome remains in a matrix composed mainly of pastures and sugar cane plantations. The Forest was replaced by farms, and more recently, with Landless Workers Movement become a matrix of small properties (10 ha ) along with farms. Therefore, we have important forest patches and a State Park – Morro do Diabo under high human pressure, posing many kinds of threats – hunting, pesticides and deforestation.

Despite its environmental importance, the park and the Forest patches are under intense anthropic pressure, changing the natural cycles of disease.

In the Brazilian Amazon, we faced a different dynamic, were the deforestation process is on going, and the human – animal contact has a different interaction from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The information generated with this project will give a better understanding of human-animal contact, as well as how fragmentation influences host diversity and viral diversity. These information are critical to understand how zoonotic infections emerge and spread.

 

[author]

Alessandra Nava  |  nava@ecohealthalliance.org

For a decade, I have dedicated my life to the field of conservation medicine, working with sentinel species such as jaguars and peccaries. Landscape change and human development along with a sustainable relation along wildlife were my focus of study. These experiences led me to a career that focuses on the interconnectivity of humans, wildlife, and ecosystems. From 2008 my team work with active surveillance for emergent diseases in Brazilian Amazon forest and Atlantic Forest, sampling bats, rodents and primates, and measuring the types of contact that human populations have with wildlife in these different ecosystems. [/author] DeMarcus Ware Jersey

Intensification of crop and livestock production can improve food, nutrition, and income security; however, without sustainable resource management, intensification can also lead to increased agricultural-related health risks, environmental degradation, and biodiversity loss. This is especially true in Southeast Asia, a region facing rapid economic growth. To address this complex challenge, a better understand of the interactions between agricultural practices, human health, and ecosystems are required.

The Field Building Leadership Initiative (FBLI), supported by IDRC, aims to explore linkages between intensive agricultural practices and human health in Southeast Asia.Developed jointly by research centres in China, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam, and launched in 2012, this five-year initiative allows researchers and their partners to carry out research, capacity building, policy advocacy and networking to inform agricultural practice and policy. Generating scientific evidence can help mitigate health risks while maintaining the socio-economic advantages of agricultural intensification.

Building regional research

The FBLI’s research process is guided by Ecohealth principles including transdisciplinarity, participation, social and gender equity, and knowledge-to-action. The FBLI team, working with stakeholders from the onset of research for over three years, have generated new knowledge and developed interventions to promote sustainable agricultural practices. As agriculture is an important source for livelihoods in the region, careful consideration was given towards exploring economic benefits associated with changing practices, as well as gender and social equity, and empowerment of vulnerable groups.

Four large research projects involving local and national stakeholders are currently being implemented:

China: In Yuanmou County, Yunnan province, researchers and stakeholders are investigating the impact of chemical pesticides used for vegetable and fruit production on the health of farmers and ecosystems. Pesticide residues were detected in vegetable and fruit samples, soil and water samples, and urine samples of adults and children. To improve the knowledge of farmers on risks of pesticide use and promote safe pesticide use, innovative street plays in six project villages were performed. Further, locally designed calendars and posters were distributed widely in the project site, reaching about 5,000 people. This research also revealed that despite the increase of large-scale vegetable and fruit plantations, agricultural worker’s occupational health was not adequately addressed by current health care policies and services. Researchers are working with these groups to advocate for addressing occupational health risks in healthcare agendas.

Vietnam: In Ha Nam province, the human health risks from exposure to biogas wastewater from pig farms are being explored. Biogas wastewater samples were found positive for four pathogens harmful to humans and exceeded national standards of wastewater. Health risk perceptions and practices of biogas use in the community were also assessed. As biogas systems are a common method to manage animal waste in Vietnam, researchers are implementing a set of interventions to promote good sanitation practices in the study area. Communication tools including booklets and flyers with information on how to best use the biogas have been distributed to 72 farms in the community. Key messages were also promoted in the community’s traditional regulation document “H??ng ??c”.

Thailand: Rubber plantations are rapidly expanding in Thailand and Southeast Asia leading to deforestation, loss of biodiversity, influx of labour workers, and changes in livelihoods. Research conducted in several districts of Chachoengsao province have showed a direct correlation between crop expansion and increased risk of vector-borne diseases (e.g., dengue, chikungunya and malaria) especially among rubber workers. An evaluation of 109 rubber plantations revealed biological and chemical contaminants in groundwater and other natural reservoirs due to heavy use of fertilizers and herbicides. Through collaborating with migrant workers, crop owners, health care providers, and other government officials, the team is developing intervention tools and strategies to mitigate health risks associated with rubber plantations.

Indonesia: Small scale dairy farms are important sources of income for farmers in several districts of Pangalengan, West Java. By applying an Ecohealth approach, researchers and farmers worked together to implement an intervention that converts farm waste into herbal feed supplements, worm casting, earthworm extract, and fertilizers to help support human and environmental health, as well as farmers’ income. These products have been lab and field tested, and are currently being used by livestock and crop farmers beyond Pangalengan. A business incubator has been formed to facilitate product commercialization. These products were used by over 230 farmers, and discussions with government officials are ongoing to promote eco-friendly agricultural products, allowing for sustained benefits associated with these interventions.

Sustaining Ecohealth practice

The FBLI’s capacity building supports the development of sustainable cohorts of Ecohealth practitioners and researchers. Ecohealth curricula have been integrated in four universities in Southeast Asia and a degree program in Ecohealth is currently being developed at Mahidol University in Thailand. The Future Leader Program, an annual program, aims to build leadership skills, global perspectives, and effective multi-sectoral collaboration of multidisciplinary professional groups. Since 2014, over 200 participants from ten Asian countries have participated in the Future Leader Program.

The integration of FBLI research results into agricultural management practices is testimony of the rigorous research efforts and productive engagement with relevant stakeholders. The FBLI also supports policy advocacy, for example through forming policy alliance groups in member countries consisting of mid-level policy makers, senior FBLI researchers and representatives from other regional networks. Future outcomes of FBLI will continue to strengthen the emerging field of Ecohealth research and practice, for the mitigation of health risks associated with agricultural intensification, while maintaining benefits.

For more information, please visit: www.ecohealthasia.net

 

[author]

Steven Lam |  lams@uoguelph.ca

Steven is the Knowledge Translation Coordinator for the Ecohealth Field Building Leadership Initiative in Southeast Asia (FBLI). The FBLI is a five year program (2012-2016), funded by IDRC, that aims to address human health problems associated with agricultural intensification and other challenges in Southeast Asia.

[/author] New York Giants Jersey